Interview Questions for Performing Maintenance on Missile Flight Control Systems

Troubleshooting malfunctioning inertial navigation systems (INS) requires a systematic approach. INS units rely on precise gyroscopes and accelerometers to determine a missile’s orientation and position. Malfunctions can stem from various sources, including sensor drift, internal component failures, or software glitches.

My approach begins with a thorough review of the system’s error logs and diagnostic data. This often reveals clues about the nature and severity of the problem. For example, a consistently increasing error in a specific axis might point towards a drifting gyroscope. I then use specialized test equipment to isolate the faulty component. This involves precise measurements of gyroscope output, accelerometer readings, and comparisons to known standards. In one instance, I successfully traced a persistent INS error to a faulty temperature sensor within the INS unit. Replacing the sensor resolved the issue. Another case involved identifying a software bug affecting the data fusion algorithm, requiring a software patch and subsequent rigorous testing. The process often involves iterative testing and validation to ensure the implemented solution is effective and doesn’t introduce new problems.

Calibrating a gyroscope or accelerometer is crucial for accurate missile guidance. The process aims to minimize biases and errors inherent in these sensitive components. Gyroscope calibration typically involves spinning the device at known rates and measuring the output. By comparing this measured output to the known input, any biases or drifts can be quantified and corrected through software compensation. Think of it like zeroing out a scale before weighing something.

Accelerometer calibration involves subjecting the device to known accelerations (e.g., using a precision turntable or linear actuator) and comparing the measured acceleration to the known applied acceleration. This allows for correction of any offset or scale factor errors. Both calibration procedures are often part of a larger alignment process, which ensures the correct orientation of the sensors within the INS. Specialized software and calibration equipment are used, and detailed records are meticulously maintained to track the calibration parameters and ensure traceability. The calibration procedures are documented and rigorously followed according to the manufacturer’s specifications and stringent quality control protocols.

Flight control system errors can originate from diverse sources. Common causes include:

• Sensor failures: Malfunctioning gyroscopes, accelerometers, or other sensors can provide inaccurate data, leading to incorrect flight control commands.
• Actuator malfunctions: Problems with hydraulic, pneumatic, or electromechanical actuators can prevent the missile from responding correctly to control signals.
• Software errors: Bugs in the flight control software can cause erratic behavior or unexpected commands.
• Hardware failures: Component failures in the electronics, wiring, or power supply can disrupt the system’s operation.
• Environmental factors: Extreme temperatures, vibrations, or electromagnetic interference can negatively affect sensor performance and system stability.
• Manufacturing defects: Issues during the manufacturing process might lead to faulty components or misaligned assemblies.

Diagnosing the root cause often involves a combination of data analysis, visual inspection, and functional testing. A systematic and methodical approach is critical to isolate the problem quickly and accurately.

Diagnosing and resolving embedded software problems in missile flight control systems demands specialized skills and tools. The process begins with thorough analysis of error logs and diagnostic messages. These logs often contain valuable clues about the nature of the software issue.

Advanced debugging tools, such as in-circuit emulators and logic analyzers, allow for step-by-step examination of the software’s execution. This can help to identify the exact point of failure within the code. Specialized software development environments and debuggers are employed. Code reviews, simulations, and testing are important steps in identifying and fixing the issue. In one situation, I used a logic analyzer to pinpoint a timing issue in the communication protocol between two software modules. Retiming the software modules solved the problem. Once the software correction is made, rigorous testing – including both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop testing – is vital to ensure the fix is effective and doesn’t introduce new problems. Rigorous version control and traceability are essential to ensure the safety and integrity of the software.

Testing and maintenance of flight control system test equipment is paramount to ensure the accuracy and reliability of missile flight control system testing. This equipment, which might include specialized signal generators, data acquisition systems, and environmental chambers, is itself subject to wear and tear and requires periodic calibration and verification.

My experience encompasses performing routine calibrations, preventative maintenance, and troubleshooting malfunctioning test equipment. I regularly perform preventative maintenance checks like inspecting cabling, verifying power supplies, and running diagnostic tests. Calibration involves using certified standards to ensure the equipment is operating within its specified tolerances. Troubleshooting faulty equipment involves systematic checks of various components, starting with simple checks such as power and signal integrity, and then moving to more detailed analysis, potentially involving component-level repair or replacement. Detailed records of all calibrations, maintenance activities, and repairs are scrupulously maintained to ensure traceability.

Safety is the absolute paramount concern when working with missile flight control systems. This necessitates strict adherence to established safety procedures and protocols throughout all phases of maintenance and testing. These procedures cover many aspects including:

• Lockout/Tagout procedures: To prevent accidental energization of potentially hazardous components.
• ESD protection: To prevent electrostatic discharge damage to sensitive electronics.
• Proper handling of explosives and propellants: If applicable, following stringent handling procedures to prevent accidents.
• Use of personal protective equipment (PPE): Including safety glasses, gloves, and other appropriate gear.
• Authorized personnel only: Restricted access to areas and systems to prevent unauthorized access.
• Compliance with relevant safety standards and regulations: Adherence to guidelines from both internal and external organizations to ensure safety.

Thorough documentation of all activities and any deviations from established procedures is absolutely essential. Regular safety training ensures that all personnel involved are aware of and understand the inherent risks and the necessary precautions to mitigate those risks.

Flight control actuators are the mechanical devices responsible for translating the commands from the flight control system into physical movements of the missile’s control surfaces. Several types exist:

• Hydraulic actuators: These use hydraulic pressure to generate the necessary force for moving control surfaces. They are known for their high power-to-weight ratio.
• Pneumatic actuators: Similar to hydraulic actuators, but they utilize compressed air instead of hydraulic fluid. They are often preferred in situations where fire safety is a major concern.
• Electromechanical actuators (EMA): These use electric motors and mechanical linkages to move control surfaces. EMAs are typically more precise and offer better control than hydraulic or pneumatic actuators, but they are often less powerful.

The choice of actuator type depends on various factors such as required force, precision, power requirements, environmental conditions, and weight constraints. Understanding the strengths and limitations of each type is critical in selecting the right actuator for a given application. Maintenance procedures vary depending on the type of actuator and often include regular lubrication, inspection for wear and tear, and functional testing to verify correct operation.

My experience encompasses both analog and digital flight control systems, understanding their distinct architectures and maintenance requirements. Analog systems, using mechanical and hydraulic components, require a different approach than digital systems which rely on sophisticated electronics and software. Think of it like comparing a classic car’s manual transmission to a modern car’s automatic transmission with computer controls – both get you where you need to go, but the maintenance and troubleshooting differ drastically.

Analog Systems: These systems are more susceptible to wear and tear due to mechanical components. Maintenance involves regular inspections, lubrication, and calibration of physical components. Troubleshooting often relies on visual inspection, pressure checks, and signal tracing. For instance, a malfunctioning hydraulic actuator in an analog system might require a physical inspection for leaks or mechanical damage.

Digital Systems: Digital systems, while more complex, offer advantages in terms of precision and reliability, but demand a different skillset. Maintenance focuses on software updates, diagnostic testing using specialized equipment, and replacing faulty electronic components. Troubleshooting involves interpreting error codes, analyzing sensor data, and employing advanced diagnostic tools. For example, identifying a faulty sensor in a digital system might involve using a digital multimeter and specialized software to check voltage readings and signal integrity.

I’ve worked extensively with both, understanding the unique challenges and advantages each presents.

Preventative maintenance is crucial for ensuring the reliability and safety of missile flight control systems. My experience includes developing and implementing comprehensive preventative maintenance schedules based on manufacturers’ recommendations, operational hours, and environmental conditions. This includes:

• Regular Inspections: Visual inspections of all components for signs of wear, damage, or corrosion.
• Calibration and Testing: Using specialized test equipment to calibrate sensors, actuators, and other critical components to ensure accuracy and performance within specified tolerances. We utilize laser alignment tools for gyroscopes and accelerometers, for example.
• Software Updates: Implementing necessary software patches and updates to address bugs, enhance performance, and improve security.
• Component Replacement: Proactive replacement of components nearing the end of their service life to prevent catastrophic failures. This follows strict guidelines about Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) data.
• Environmental Control: Ensuring proper storage and handling to minimize the impact of humidity, temperature, and other environmental factors on system components.

A well-planned preventative maintenance program significantly reduces the likelihood of unexpected failures and extends the operational lifespan of the system, saving significant time and resources in the long run.

Repairing damaged wiring harnesses is a delicate and critical task. It requires meticulous attention to detail and adherence to strict procedures to ensure electrical integrity and avoid short circuits. My experience involves:

• Careful Inspection: Thoroughly inspecting the damaged harness to identify the extent of the damage, including broken wires, frayed insulation, and potential short circuits. This often involves using a magnifying glass and sometimes a borescope for hard-to-reach areas.
• Wire Tracing and Identification: Accurately tracing and identifying the wires using schematics and wiring diagrams. Misidentification can have devastating consequences.
• Wire Repair or Replacement: Repairing damaged wires by splicing, using heat-shrink tubing, and soldering connections or replacing entire sections of the harness as necessary. We use specialized tools for crimping connectors and ensuring proper insulation.
• Continuity Testing: Conducting rigorous continuity tests using a digital multimeter to ensure proper electrical connections and verify the repair’s success. Any resistance indicates a potential issue.
• Documentation: Maintaining detailed documentation of all repairs, including photographs and notes, for traceability and future reference.

One example involved a critical wire break in a gyro-stabilization system. Using a combination of careful tracing, precise repair techniques, and thorough testing, I successfully repaired the harness, restoring the system to full functionality and preventing a costly and potentially dangerous failure.

Fault-tolerant flight control systems are designed to maintain functionality even when some components fail. This is achieved through redundancy and built-in error detection and correction mechanisms. It’s like having a backup system in place – if one part fails, another takes over seamlessly.

Key aspects of fault-tolerant systems include:

• Redundancy: Having multiple components performing the same function, so if one fails, others can compensate. This could be multiple computers, sensors, or actuators.
• Fail-Operational Capabilities: The system continues functioning at a reduced capacity, even with component failures, allowing for a controlled descent or safe landing.
• Error Detection and Correction: Built-in mechanisms to detect errors, isolate faulty components, and automatically switch to redundant systems. This includes sophisticated algorithms and self-diagnostic routines.
• Voting Mechanisms: Combining data from multiple sensors to identify and eliminate erroneous readings. If one sensor provides inconsistent data, the others are used to establish a correct reading.

My understanding of fault-tolerant systems extends to their maintenance and testing, which involves verifying the effectiveness of redundancy mechanisms and ensuring that the fail-operational capabilities function as designed. This requires specialized testing equipment and procedures.

Technical manuals and schematics are essential for troubleshooting and repairing missile flight control systems. My experience involves proficiently using these resources to:

• Understanding System Architecture: Schematics provide a visual representation of the system’s components, their connections, and signal flow. They are vital for tracing signals and identifying potential points of failure.
• Component Identification and Location: Manuals provide detailed information about each component, including its function, specifications, and location within the system.
• Troubleshooting Procedures: Manuals often include troubleshooting guides with flowcharts and diagnostic tables to aid in identifying and resolving specific issues.
• Wiring Diagrams: Identifying specific wires and connections between various components. This is crucial for harness repair and fault isolation.
• Calibration Procedures: Determining the correct calibration steps for different components based on manufacturers’ specifications and manuals.

I am highly proficient in interpreting both electrical and mechanical schematics, and I am adept at using the manuals and troubleshooting guides effectively. I often annotate manuals and diagrams to highlight areas of interest for efficiency and to create a personal knowledge base for troubleshooting challenges I frequently encounter.

Data acquisition and analysis play a vital role in assessing flight control system performance. My experience includes using various methods to collect, analyze, and interpret data to diagnose issues and optimize system performance.

This involves:

• Sensor Data Acquisition: Collecting data from various sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors, using specialized data acquisition systems.
• Data Logging and Storage: Recording sensor data for later analysis, often using specialized software that can handle high-volume data streams.
• Data Analysis Techniques: Employing statistical methods, signal processing, and other analytical techniques to identify patterns, anomalies, and potential problems.
• Trend Analysis: Identifying trends in system performance over time to anticipate potential failures or degradation.
• Correlation Analysis: Analyzing relationships between different sensor readings to pinpoint the source of problems.

For example, by analyzing accelerometer data, we can detect unexpected vibrations or oscillations that might indicate a mechanical fault in the system. Similarly, pressure sensor data can help us identify leaks in the hydraulic system.

Maintaining missile flight control systems requires specialized tools and equipment. My experience includes using a wide range of tools, including:

• Specialized Test Equipment: This includes oscilloscopes, digital multimeters, signal generators, and spectrum analyzers, to test various electrical components.
• Calibration Equipment: Laser alignment tools for gyroscopes and accelerometers, and pressure gauges for hydraulic systems.
• Hand Tools: Precision screwdrivers, pliers, wrenches, and soldering irons for performing repairs and maintenance on electronic and mechanical components.
• Data Acquisition Systems: Specialized hardware and software to acquire and analyze sensor data.
• Diagnostic Software: Software programs designed specifically for troubleshooting and diagnosing issues in flight control systems. This usually involves reading fault codes and executing diagnostic routines.
• Safety Equipment: Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety glasses, gloves, and anti-static wrist straps, to protect against electrical hazards.

Proficiency with these tools and equipment is essential for performing safe and effective maintenance and repair operations.

System integration and testing of new flight control components is a crucial phase ensuring the seamless functionality of the entire missile system. It involves a methodical approach, starting with individual component testing, followed by integration into sub-systems, and culminating in full system testing.

My experience encompasses working with various inertial measurement units (IMUs), actuators, and control computers. For instance, during the integration of a new IMU, we first verified its individual performance parameters – accuracy, bias stability, and noise characteristics – using calibrated test equipment. Then, we integrated it into the flight control system, verifying communication protocols and data accuracy against established benchmarks. This involved writing and executing comprehensive test scripts to simulate various flight scenarios and conditions, including extreme maneuvers and failures. We used both hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations and, where permissible, real-world tests to confirm the new IMU’s reliability and performance within the complete system. Any discrepancies or unexpected behavior were thoroughly investigated, documented, and addressed, often requiring iterative adjustments to the software or hardware until full compatibility was achieved.

A specific example involved integrating a new, more precise accelerometer. Initial tests revealed a subtle timing discrepancy in communication with the control computer. Through meticulous debugging and analysis of communication logs, we pinpointed a minor clock synchronization issue that was resolved by a firmware update. This highlights the importance of careful attention to detail during every phase of the integration process.

Managing multiple concurrent maintenance tasks requires a structured approach. I use a combination of techniques, including prioritizing tasks based on urgency, criticality, and dependencies. I employ tools like project management software to track progress, deadlines, and resource allocation. This allows for a clear overview of all tasks, enabling effective prioritization and resource management.

Imagine a scenario where we have a critical flight test approaching and several maintenance tasks need to be completed. I’d prioritize tasks directly impacting the flight test (e.g., calibrating critical sensors) over less urgent ones (e.g., routine inspections). I also account for dependencies – some tasks might depend on the completion of others, and this needs to be considered during scheduling and prioritization. Clear communication with the team is vital to ensure everyone understands the priorities and potential roadblocks. This proactive approach helps avoid conflicts and ensures timely completion of all critical maintenance activities.

Furthermore, I always ensure that the maintenance team has the necessary resources, tools, and expertise to complete the tasks efficiently. This includes proactive planning for potential delays or resource constraints.

Accurate and complete documentation is paramount in missile maintenance. We use a combination of electronic and physical documentation systems, ensuring traceability and accountability for all actions taken. Every maintenance operation, including inspections, repairs, and calibrations, is meticulously documented in standardized formats. This documentation includes details about the performed actions, the time spent, the tools and materials used, and the results obtained. Any anomalies or unexpected findings are also thoroughly documented with supporting evidence (e.g., photos, diagnostic logs).

Our documentation system is designed to be easily searchable and auditable. We use a database system that tracks serial numbers, maintenance histories, and any relevant technical documentation for each component. This ensures clear traceability of every maintenance activity across the lifecycle of the missile. Clear and concise language is used, avoiding technical jargon where possible to improve understandability. We also regularly review and update our documentation to reflect any changes in procedures or technologies.

For example, if a sensor exhibits unusual readings, we record the precise readings, the timestamp, environmental conditions, and the steps taken to investigate the issue. This detailed documentation aids in troubleshooting future problems and assists in identifying trends or potential systemic issues.

Working under pressure and meeting tight deadlines is an inherent part of missile maintenance. My experience includes handling high-pressure situations, such as unexpected system failures before crucial tests or launches. I’ve learned to effectively manage stress and prioritize tasks strategically to ensure timely completion even under immense pressure.

A recent example involved a critical system malfunction just days before a major flight test. Under considerable pressure, we assembled a dedicated team, leveraged our experience and established troubleshooting procedures, and worked around the clock to identify the root cause and implement a solution. We adhered to rigorous safety protocols while maintaining a calm and focused approach. Effective communication within the team and with stakeholders was key to managing expectations and ensuring a successful outcome – we met the deadline, and the flight test proceeded as planned.

My ability to maintain composure, make sound decisions under pressure, and effectively delegate tasks has consistently proven instrumental in delivering successful outcomes, even during high-stakes situations.

Handling unexpected malfunctions requires a systematic approach. The first step is to ensure the safety of personnel and the equipment. Then, we follow established emergency procedures for isolating the affected system and preventing further damage. This is followed by a thorough investigation into the cause of the malfunction, using available diagnostic tools and data.

We might employ fault-tree analysis to systematically identify potential root causes. We meticulously collect data from the system, such as sensor readings, error logs, and other relevant information. This collected data is then used to develop and test potential solutions. If the issue is complex, we might consult technical documentation, expert resources, or even conduct simulations to diagnose the problem. Once a solution is identified and verified, it is implemented, and the system is retested to ensure functionality before returning to operation.

For example, if a gyroscope unexpectedly fails, we would first shut down the affected system, isolate it, and then analyze its logs to determine the failure mode. We would then proceed with either repair or replacement, followed by thorough testing and documentation of the entire process.

My understanding of regulations and safety standards governing missile maintenance is comprehensive. I am thoroughly familiar with all relevant national and international regulations related to safety, security, and environmental compliance. This includes strict adherence to procedures governing handling of hazardous materials, explosive devices, and sensitive electronic components. We follow strict protocols for documentation, inspection, and testing, ensuring meticulous records are maintained for every maintenance activity.

Safety is the absolute priority. We regularly undergo training to refresh our knowledge of safety procedures and emerging regulations. We are also well-versed in risk assessment techniques and mitigation strategies to minimize potential hazards during maintenance operations. Compliance with these regulations isn’t just a matter of following rules; it’s essential for ensuring the safety of personnel, the integrity of the systems, and the prevention of accidents.

Specific examples include knowing and applying regulations concerning the handling of propellants, the safe disposal of hazardous waste, and the security protocols for handling classified information. All work is carried out with explicit adherence to these rigorous standards.

Flight control systems rely heavily on a variety of sensors to provide precise data about the missile’s orientation, velocity, and acceleration. My experience encompasses working with various types of sensors, most notably accelerometers and gyroscopes. Accelerometers measure linear acceleration, providing crucial information for navigation and control. Gyroscopes, on the other hand, measure angular velocity, helping to determine the missile’s orientation in three-dimensional space.

I have experience with both MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) and more traditional types of accelerometers and gyroscopes, each having unique characteristics and applications. MEMS sensors are typically smaller, lighter, and cheaper, but may have slightly lower accuracy compared to their more robust counterparts. I understand the nuances of each sensor type and their limitations, including biases, drift, and noise characteristics. This understanding is crucial for accurate data interpretation and ensuring the reliable performance of the flight control system.

Furthermore, I’m familiar with calibration techniques for these sensors. Accurate calibration is essential to eliminate biases and improve the overall accuracy of the flight control system. This often involves using specialized calibration equipment and following established procedures to ensure the accuracy of the sensor readings. Understanding how sensor data is fused and processed by the flight control computer is also a critical part of my expertise.

My experience with CAD software in missile maintenance is extensive. I’ve used programs like AutoCAD and SolidWorks to analyze the geometry of flight control components, create detailed schematics for repairs, and even design custom jigs and fixtures for complex maintenance tasks. For instance, during a recent repair on a damaged actuator, I used SolidWorks to create a 3D model of the replacement part, ensuring it would fit perfectly within the existing system without compromising performance. This not only sped up the process but also dramatically reduced the risk of error.

Furthermore, CAD has proven invaluable for documenting modifications and repairs. I’ve created highly detailed drawings of modified components, incorporating all changes made during maintenance, ensuring consistent future repairs and maintenance actions.

Diagnostic software is crucial for efficient troubleshooting. I’m proficient with several proprietary and commercial diagnostic suites used to interface with missile flight control systems. These tools allow us to retrieve real-time sensor data, analyze system performance, and isolate faulty components down to the individual circuit board. Imagine it like a highly sophisticated car diagnostic tool, but much more intricate.

For example, during a recent mission, a sensor malfunction was detected. Using the diagnostic software, we were able to pinpoint the exact sensor experiencing the issue, minimizing downtime and preventing a more significant failure. The software provided real-time telemetry data, which enabled us to understand the nature of the failure and quickly order a replacement part, thus maintaining the overall readiness of the missile.

A pre-flight inspection is a rigorous process, absolutely critical for mission success. It’s a systematic check of all flight control system components to ensure they are functioning correctly before launch. The process typically involves:

• Visual Inspection: A thorough examination of all external components for damage, corrosion, or loose connections.
• Functional Tests: Testing each component individually – actuators, sensors, hydraulic lines – using both manual and automated procedures. This often involves running built-in self-tests (BIST) within the system.
• Data Acquisition: Using diagnostic software, we collect sensor data to verify proper calibration and alignment.
• Calibration Check: Ensuring all sensors are accurately calibrated using precise test equipment.
• Documentation: Meticulous recording of all inspection findings and test results.

Think of it like a pilot performing pre-flight checks on an aircraft – no detail can be overlooked. Failing to perform a thorough inspection could have catastrophic consequences.

I have extensive familiarity with various missile guidance systems. My experience encompasses inertial navigation systems (INS), GPS-aided INS, and command guidance systems.

• Inertial Guidance: I understand the principles of gyroscopes and accelerometers and their use in calculating position and velocity. Maintenance involves aligning the INS, calibrating its sensors, and verifying its accuracy.
• GPS Guidance: I’m proficient in troubleshooting GPS receivers, understanding the impact of signal degradation or jamming, and implementing corrective measures.
• Command Guidance: I have experience working with systems that receive commands from a ground station. This includes understanding the communication protocols and ensuring accurate signal reception and processing.

Understanding the strengths and limitations of each system is essential for effective maintenance and troubleshooting. For example, GPS relies on satellite signals, therefore understanding atmospheric effects and potential signal interference are crucial aspects of maintaining optimal GPS-based guidance.

Hydraulic and pneumatic systems are vital components of many flight control systems. I have considerable experience maintaining these systems, including:

• Leak Detection and Repair: Identifying and repairing leaks in hydraulic lines and pneumatic components using specialized tools and techniques.
• Component Replacement: Replacing faulty pumps, valves, actuators, and other components, ensuring proper installation and sealing.
• Fluid Analysis: Testing hydraulic and pneumatic fluids for contamination and degradation, and taking corrective actions.
• Pressure Testing: Verifying the integrity of hydraulic and pneumatic lines under pressure using calibrated testing equipment.

Understanding the intricacies of fluid dynamics and pressure regulation is paramount. For example, a small leak in a hydraulic line could lead to a significant loss of pressure, affecting the system’s ability to control the missile’s flight. Therefore, thorough inspection and timely maintenance are critical for safety and performance.

I’m highly experienced in using specialized test equipment to verify the alignment and accuracy of missile flight control systems. This often involves using laser alignment systems, theodolites, and sophisticated electronic test sets. These tools allow for precise measurement of component angles and tolerances, ensuring the system is performing within its specified parameters.

For example, in aligning a missile’s control surfaces, a laser-based alignment system is used to verify that the control surfaces are properly positioned relative to the missile body. Any misalignment could negatively impact flight stability and accuracy. The use of these advanced tools ensures that the missile’s flight control system is within acceptable tolerance levels, crucial for mission success.

Understanding feedback control systems is fundamental to working with missile guidance and control. These systems use feedback from sensors to adjust the missile’s trajectory, maintaining stability and accuracy. I understand the concepts of proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control, and how these principles are applied to different aspects of missile guidance.

Imagine a self-driving car maintaining its lane. The sensors provide feedback (current position relative to the lane), and the control system adjusts the steering to correct any deviation. Similarly, in missile guidance, sensors provide feedback about the missile’s position and velocity, and the control system adjusts the actuators to maintain the desired trajectory. A deep understanding of these principles is necessary to effectively diagnose and resolve performance issues.