Interview Questions for Technical Documentation Knowledge

User manuals and technical reference guides serve distinct purposes, catering to different audiences and needs. Think of a user manual as a friendly guide teaching someone how to use a product, while a technical reference guide is a detailed technical encyclopedia for experts.

User Manuals: These focus on helping users accomplish tasks. They prioritize ease of understanding and often use step-by-step instructions, screenshots, and simple language. The goal is to get the user up and running quickly. An example would be a user manual for a new smartphone, guiding users through setting up their accounts and using basic features.

Technical Reference Guides: These delve deep into the technical specifications and inner workings of a system. They are meant for developers, engineers, or support personnel who need detailed information for troubleshooting, advanced customization, or integration with other systems. An example would be a technical reference guide for a software API, detailing all functions, parameters, and return values.

In short: User manuals are ‘how-to’ guides for everyday users; technical reference guides are comprehensive technical specifications for experts.

My experience spans a variety of documentation formats, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. I’ve worked extensively with PDFs for their portability and print-readability, particularly for delivering standalone documents. HTML offers significant advantages for dynamic content, searchability, and ease of updating, making it ideal for online help systems and wikis. I’ve built and maintained documentation using MediaWiki, leveraging its collaborative features and version control capabilities, which proved invaluable for large-scale projects and team collaboration.

For example, I created an internal HTML help system for a software application, incorporating interactive elements like collapsible sections and searchable indexes for improved user experience. I’ve also contributed to a large-scale wiki documentation project for an open-source library where version control and collaborative editing were essential for managing contributions from multiple developers.

Maintaining consistency and accuracy is paramount in technical documentation. I employ several strategies to achieve this:

• Style Guides: Adhering to a meticulously defined style guide ensures consistent terminology, formatting, and tone across all documents. This guide covers everything from capitalization and punctuation to the preferred style for code snippets and tables.
• Template Usage: Using consistent templates for different document types ensures a unified look and feel. This also helps streamline the writing process.
• Version Control: Employing a version control system (like Git) allows for tracking changes, reverting to previous versions if needed, and facilitating collaborative editing without conflicts.
• Peer Reviews: A crucial step involves rigorous peer reviews to catch errors, inconsistencies, and ambiguities before publication. This ensures multiple sets of eyes verify the accuracy and clarity of the content.
• Automated Checks: Tools like spell checkers and grammar checkers can catch many minor errors, increasing overall accuracy.
• Single Source Publishing (SSP): Where possible, using SSP approaches helps ensure consistency by creating the documentation once and publishing to multiple formats (PDF, HTML, etc.).

For instance, in one project, we instituted a rigorous peer-review process, resulting in a 30% reduction in errors before the documentation’s release, significantly improving its quality and user experience.

My toolset includes a range of software and technologies for creating and managing technical documentation. I’m proficient in using:

• Markdown Editors: Such as Typora and Visual Studio Code with Markdown extensions, for creating and editing documentation in a lightweight, human-readable format.
• Documentation Generators: Tools like Sphinx (for Python projects) and JSDoc (for JavaScript projects) automate the generation of documentation from code comments.
• Wiki Software: MediaWiki and Confluence for collaborative documentation projects.
• Static Site Generators: Jekyll or Hugo for creating and deploying documentation websites.
• Version Control Systems: Git for managing and tracking changes to documentation files.
• Graphic Editing Tools: Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop for creating diagrams and screenshots.
• Screen Recording Software: For creating tutorials and video demonstrations.

The specific tools I choose depend on the project’s size, complexity, and the specific needs of the target audience. For a small project, I might just use a Markdown editor; for a larger, more complex project, I might employ a suite of tools, including a documentation generator and a static site generator.

My information gathering process is methodical and involves several steps:

• Requirements Gathering: I start by understanding the scope and purpose of the documentation, the target audience, and their technical expertise. This involves discussions with developers, product managers, and stakeholders.
• Code Review: For software documentation, thoroughly reviewing the codebase is essential for understanding functionality and identifying key features and components.
• Interviews and Surveys: Conducting interviews and surveys with potential users helps gather feedback and identify their needs and pain points.
• Existing Documentation Review: Reviewing existing documentation, if any, to avoid duplication and ensure consistency.
• Testing and Hands-on Experience: Using the product or system firsthand to gain a comprehensive understanding of its features and limitations.

For example, when documenting a new software feature, I would start by reviewing the code, then discuss the feature with the developers to clarify its functionality and intended use cases. Finally, I would test the feature myself to ensure I fully understand its behavior and can explain it clearly to the user.

Handling conflicting information requires careful investigation and prioritization. My approach involves:

• Source Verification: Identifying the source of the conflicting information and evaluating its credibility. Is one source more authoritative than the other?
• Data Triangulation: Looking for corroborating evidence from multiple reliable sources to validate information.
• Resolution with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs): If conflicts persist, engaging with SMEs to resolve the discrepancies and obtain the most accurate information.
• Documentation of the Resolution Process: Recording the process of resolving conflicts for future reference and transparency.

Imagine finding conflicting information about a software setting in the code comments and a user manual. I’d investigate both sources, potentially consulting with the developer responsible for the code to determine the correct setting and update both the code comment and user manual accordingly.

Prioritization depends on the audience and the overall goals of the documentation. I use a combination of techniques:

• User Stories and Use Cases: Mapping out common user tasks and workflows helps determine which features need the most detailed explanation.
• Frequency of Use: Features used most frequently by users should be documented more comprehensively.
• Complexity: Complex features or those prone to errors require more detailed documentation.
• Risk Assessment: Features that present higher risks or could lead to significant problems if misused should be given prominent coverage.
• Stakeholder Input: Gathering feedback from stakeholders to understand their priorities and ensure the documentation addresses their needs.

For example, in documenting a complex software application, I might prioritize information on core functionality and common troubleshooting issues over less frequently used advanced features. The goal is to provide the most useful information to the target audience effectively.

Creating accessible documentation means ensuring it’s understandable and usable by everyone, regardless of their background, abilities, or technical expertise. This involves several key strategies.

• Plain Language: I avoid jargon and technical terms whenever possible, opting for clear, concise language that’s easy to understand. If a technical term is unavoidable, I always provide a clear definition. For example, instead of saying “Implement the API endpoint,” I might say “Connect to the application using the provided instructions.”
• Structure and Formatting: I use headings, subheadings, bullet points, and numbered lists to break down complex information into manageable chunks. White space is crucial for readability. I also use visual aids like images, diagrams, and videos to enhance understanding.
• Multilingual Support: Where appropriate, I ensure documentation is translated into multiple languages to cater to a global audience. This requires careful consideration of cultural nuances and linguistic differences.
• Accessibility Standards (WCAG): I adhere to Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) to make the documentation accessible to users with disabilities. This includes using appropriate alt text for images, ensuring sufficient color contrast, and providing keyboard navigation.
• Consider different learning styles: I tailor documentation to cater for different learning styles – some users prefer visual learning (diagrams, videos), while others prefer text-based explanations. A combination of both approaches is often most effective.

For example, in a recent project documenting a complex software system, I created a series of short, illustrated tutorials alongside the detailed technical documentation. This approach made the information accessible to a wider range of users, from novice to expert.

Single-sourcing and content reuse are critical for efficient technical documentation. Single-sourcing refers to storing all content in a central repository, allowing for consistent updates and preventing redundancy. Content reuse means leveraging existing content in multiple places, saving time and effort.

In my experience, I’ve used various tools to manage single-sourcing, including structured authoring tools like MadCap Flare and DITA (Darwin Information Typing Architecture). These tools allow me to create modular content that can be easily repurposed for different outputs (e.g., online help, PDFs, printed manuals).

For example, I once worked on a project where we had to document a software suite with multiple modules. By using a DITA-based system, we created reusable content blocks for each module’s features. This ensured consistency across all documentation and made it easy to update information in one place and have it automatically reflect across all output formats. It greatly reduced the time and effort required for updates and revisions.

Handling feedback and revisions is a crucial part of the documentation process. I typically establish a clear feedback mechanism, such as a dedicated feedback form or a community forum, to collect user input. I carefully review all feedback, categorizing it by type (e.g., typos, factual errors, unclear explanations) and priority.

For revisions, I use a version control system (e.g., Git) to track changes and collaborate with other writers or stakeholders. I use a consistent revision process, including clear change logs, to track all updates. I often utilize a collaborative review process where colleagues can provide feedback and edits before publication.

For example, if I receive feedback on an unclear section, I’ll revise the language, adding illustrations or examples to improve understanding. All changes are carefully documented so the history of revisions remains transparent and easily auditable.

Managing documentation updates and version control is essential for accuracy and consistency. I rely heavily on version control systems, most commonly Git, for managing all documentation files. This allows for easy tracking of changes, collaboration with other writers, and rollback capabilities in case of errors.

Furthermore, I establish a clear versioning strategy, typically using semantic versioning (e.g., major.minor.patch) to indicate the significance of changes. A comprehensive change log accompanies each release, outlining all updates and improvements. I also create clear release notes to inform users about significant changes and updates.

This rigorous approach allows for easy tracking of updates, identification of older versions, and provides a clear audit trail of all changes made to the documentation. For example, if a critical bug is found, we can easily revert to a previous version while addressing the issue.

Creating and maintaining a knowledge base involves careful planning, organization, and ongoing maintenance. I start by defining the scope and target audience of the knowledge base, determining the types of information it should contain (e.g., FAQs, troubleshooting guides, tutorials). Then, I choose an appropriate knowledge base platform, considering features such as search functionality, categorization, and user permissions.

The platform I choose depends on the scale and specific needs of the project. Some common choices include tools like SharePoint, Confluence, or dedicated knowledge base platforms. I also design the information architecture to ensure easy navigation and information retrieval. Clear categorization and a robust search functionality are crucial for user experience.

Once the knowledge base is launched, ongoing maintenance is vital. This involves regularly updating content, addressing user feedback, and ensuring the information remains accurate and relevant. I also monitor the knowledge base’s effectiveness, tracking metrics such as search queries and user feedback to identify areas for improvement.

Making documentation SEO-friendly involves optimizing it for search engines so users can easily find it online. This includes several key strategies:

• Keyword Research: I conduct thorough keyword research to identify the terms users are likely to search for when looking for information related to the product or service. Tools like Google Keyword Planner can be invaluable here.
• Title Tags and Meta Descriptions: I craft compelling title tags and meta descriptions that accurately reflect the content of the page and include relevant keywords. These elements are crucial for search engine rankings.
• Header Tags (H1-H6): I use header tags (H1-H6) to structure the content logically and incorporate keywords naturally within them.
• URL Structure: I create clear, concise, and descriptive URLs that include relevant keywords. For example, instead of /page123.html, I might use /troubleshooting/network-issues.
• Internal and External Linking: I utilize internal and external links to connect related content and build authority. Internal links improve site navigation and help distribute link juice, while external links can increase credibility.
• Image Optimization: I optimize images with descriptive alt text that includes relevant keywords. This not only aids accessibility but also helps search engines understand the context of the images.

By implementing these techniques, I ensure that the documentation is easily discoverable by users through search engines, thus increasing its reach and usability.

Technical documentation presents several common challenges. One is keeping up with rapidly changing technology; software updates and new features constantly require documentation updates. I overcome this by embracing agile methodologies, working closely with developers, and utilizing a modular content structure that allows for easier updates.

Another challenge is balancing detail with clarity. Technical details are crucial, but overly detailed documentation can be overwhelming. I address this by carefully prioritizing information, creating different levels of documentation (e.g., quick-start guides, detailed manuals), and using visual aids to break down complex concepts.

Finally, managing stakeholder expectations can be difficult. Different stakeholders (developers, product managers, end-users) have different needs and priorities. I address this by establishing clear communication channels, utilizing feedback mechanisms, and collaboratively defining documentation goals and priorities at the outset of a project.

Documentation standards provide a framework for creating consistent, high-quality technical documentation. They define structures, styles, and best practices to ensure clarity, accessibility, and maintainability. Two prominent examples are DITA and Markdown.

• DITA (Darwin Information Typing Architecture): DITA is an XML-based specification that allows for the creation of modular, reusable content. This means you can create individual components (topics) that can be easily assembled and repurposed in different documents. For example, a single DITA topic explaining a specific API function can be reused in a user manual, a developer’s guide, and online help. This reduces redundancy and ensures consistency across your documentation set. The structure enforced by DITA ensures better searchability and maintainability.

• Markdown: Markdown is a lightweight markup language that is easy to learn and use. It’s favored for its simplicity and readability; you write plain text with simple formatting characters, and it’s readily converted to HTML. It’s commonly used for writing README files, blog posts, and simpler documentation where the need for highly structured content isn’t paramount. For example, you might write a README.md file in Markdown explaining how to install and run a software application.

Choosing the right standard depends on the project’s complexity and requirements. Large, complex projects benefit from the structure and reusability of DITA, while smaller projects might find Markdown perfectly sufficient.

Measuring the effectiveness of technical documentation involves both quantitative and qualitative methods. We need to determine if the documentation is helping users achieve their goals efficiently and effectively.

• Quantitative Metrics: These metrics provide concrete data. Examples include:

  • Support Ticket Reduction: A decrease in support tickets related to issues addressed in the documentation shows improvement.
  • Website Analytics: Tracking views, time spent on pages, and downloads of documentation files helps assess user engagement.
  • Survey Results: User surveys provide direct feedback on clarity, completeness, and usefulness.

• Qualitative Metrics: These provide insights into user experience.

  • User Feedback: Direct feedback through comments, forums, or interviews helps identify areas for improvement.
  • Task Completion Rates: Observing users attempting tasks based on the documentation to see if they can successfully complete them.
  • Usability Testing: Observing users interacting with the documentation during controlled tasks to pinpoint usability challenges.

By combining quantitative and qualitative data, we gain a holistic view of how effective the documentation is and where improvements are needed.

My experience in Agile environments has been consistently positive. I thrive in the iterative nature of Agile methodologies. I’ve worked in Scrum and Kanban teams.

• Scrum: In Scrum projects, I participate in sprint planning, daily stand-ups, sprint reviews, and retrospectives. I ensure documentation tasks are clearly defined in the sprint backlog, aligning with the overall sprint goal. For example, I might work on creating documentation for a specific feature being developed in a sprint.

• Kanban: In Kanban environments, I find the focus on continuous flow extremely helpful. I can readily adapt to changing priorities and work on documentation tasks as they emerge, prioritizing tasks based on their urgency and value.

The iterative nature of Agile allows for continuous feedback and improvement of the documentation. Regular reviews and user feedback ensure that the documentation remains relevant and accurate throughout the development process.

Collaboration is key to successful technical documentation. I regularly work closely with developers, product managers, and other technical team members.

• Developer Collaboration: I actively participate in code reviews (when appropriate to my skillset), ask clarifying questions about the code’s functionality and intended behavior, and collaborate with developers on documenting APIs and internal processes. This ensures the documentation accurately reflects the implemented functionality.

• Product Manager Collaboration: I work closely with product managers to understand the target audience and their needs, ensuring the documentation addresses those needs effectively. I also help them define documentation requirements and priorities.

• Communication Tools: I leverage tools like Slack, Microsoft Teams, or Jira for quick communication and updates. This ensures seamless collaboration and rapid response to questions and feedback.

Open communication and active listening are essential to ensure that everyone is on the same page and that the documentation meets everyone’s needs.

Staying current in technical writing involves a multifaceted approach.

• Professional Organizations: I actively participate in professional organizations like STC (Society for Technical Communication) to access resources, attend webinars, and network with other technical writers.

• Conferences and Workshops: Attending industry conferences and workshops provides valuable insights into emerging trends and best practices. This allows me to learn about new tools and techniques and stay ahead of the curve.

• Online Resources: I regularly follow blogs, podcasts, and online communities dedicated to technical writing to stay informed about the latest news, best practices, and tools.

• Continuous Learning: I dedicate time to exploring new tools, techniques, and technologies relevant to technical writing. This includes experimenting with new documentation platforms and improving my skills in areas like content design and user experience.

By actively seeking out new information and adapting to evolving trends, I ensure that my skills and knowledge remain relevant and impactful.

Style guides and documentation templates are essential for ensuring consistency and quality in technical documentation. They establish a common framework for writing, formatting, and presenting information.

• Style Guides: I’ve used style guides to maintain consistency in terminology, grammar, punctuation, and writing style. A style guide might dictate specific formatting rules for code snippets, lists, and headings, ensuring a uniform look and feel across all documents. For instance, a style guide might specify that all code examples should use a consistent font and syntax highlighting.

• Documentation Templates: Templates streamline the document creation process. They provide pre-formatted structures for different document types (e.g., user manuals, API documentation) ensuring a consistent layout and organization. Templates can save time and effort by providing pre-defined sections, headings, and formatting elements.

By adhering to style guides and templates, I ensure that the documentation is professional, easy to read, and maintainable. They are crucial for scalability and maintainability, especially for large documentation projects.

My preferred method for creating diagrams and illustrations depends on the complexity and type of illustration needed.

• For simple diagrams and flowcharts: I often use tools like draw.io or Lucidchart. They offer intuitive interfaces, collaborative features, and easy export options. These are great for quickly creating visual representations of processes or workflows.

• For more complex diagrams or technical illustrations: I might use Adobe Illustrator or other vector graphics editors. These tools allow for greater precision and control, necessary for creating professional-looking diagrams and illustrations. For example, I might use Illustrator to create detailed diagrams of electronic circuits or software architectures.

• Screenshots and screen recordings: I use Snagit or similar tools to capture screenshots and create screen recordings, essential for illustrating software usage and UI interactions. These are crucial for providing clear, step-by-step instructions in tutorials.

The choice of tool depends on the specific requirements of the diagram or illustration, balancing ease of use with the need for high-quality output. I always prioritize clarity and accuracy in my visuals, ensuring they effectively communicate information to the reader.

Translating complex technical information into clear and concise language requires a deep understanding of both the subject matter and the target audience. It’s like translating from a highly specialized dialect to everyday speech. My approach involves several key steps:

• Understanding the technical details: Before simplifying, I ensure I grasp the underlying concepts thoroughly. This often involves asking clarifying questions and collaborating with engineers or developers.
• Identifying the target audience: Who will be reading this documentation? Are they novice users, experienced professionals, or developers? Tailoring the language and level of detail is crucial.
• Breaking down complex concepts: I use analogies, metaphors, and simpler language to explain intricate processes. For example, instead of saying “The algorithm employs a heuristic function for optimal pathfinding,” I might say, “The software finds the fastest route like a GPS, using a smart shortcut method.”
• Using visuals: Diagrams, flowcharts, screenshots, and videos can significantly improve understanding. A picture is truly worth a thousand words, especially in technical documentation.
• Testing and iteration: I always test my writing on members of the target audience to ensure clarity and comprehension. Feedback informs revisions for improved accuracy and effectiveness.

For instance, when documenting a complex database query, instead of simply presenting the SQL code, I would explain the purpose of each line, what data it retrieves, and how it relates to the overall process. I would also include a visual representation of the data flow.

I have extensive experience using various Content Management Systems (CMS) for documentation, including WordPress, Drupal, and specifically designed documentation platforms like Read the Docs. My experience goes beyond simply creating content within a CMS; I understand the importance of structuring content for optimal search engine optimization (SEO), managing user permissions, version control, and workflow automation.

For example, in a past role, I used WordPress to create a knowledge base for a large SaaS product. We utilized custom post types and taxonomies to organize the documentation logically, allowing users to easily navigate through different product modules and features. We also implemented a robust search functionality to improve the user experience. The use of plugins for version control and analytics was essential in tracking document performance and user engagement.

Furthermore, I am adept at configuring and customizing CMS features, such as setting up workflows for review and approval, managing user access and roles, and ensuring the platform is accessible and responsive across different devices.

User feedback is essential for creating effective documentation. I actively seek feedback through various channels and incorporate it throughout the documentation lifecycle. This is a continuous improvement process, not a one-time event.

• Surveys and questionnaires: I use surveys to gather feedback on the overall usability and clarity of the documentation.
• User interviews: Conducting user interviews provides deeper insights into how users interact with the documentation and identify areas for improvement.
• Website analytics: Tracking website analytics, including page views, time spent on each page, and bounce rate, helps to identify which sections of the documentation are most and least effective.
• In-app feedback tools: Integrating feedback tools directly into the software allows users to quickly report errors, suggest improvements, or ask questions.
• Community forums and support channels: Monitoring community forums and support channels provides valuable insights into common user questions and pain points.

For example, after releasing a new set of documents, I might send out a short survey asking users to rate the clarity and helpfulness of the material. This feedback would directly influence how I revise and update the documentation.

I am highly familiar with API documentation and the use of Swagger/OpenAPI. I understand the importance of clear, concise, and machine-readable API specifications for developers. I’m proficient in using tools like Swagger UI to generate interactive API documentation from OpenAPI specifications.

My experience includes creating and maintaining API documentation for RESTful APIs, using OpenAPI to define endpoints, request parameters, response codes, and data models. I can generate documentation in various formats like HTML, PDF, and Markdown. I understand the importance of including code samples, example requests, and detailed explanations to help developers effectively integrate with the API.

Example OpenAPI specification snippet:
paths:
/users:
get:
summary: Retrieve a list of users
responses:
'200':
description: A list of users

Beyond simply generating documentation, I understand how to design an API that is easy to document. This involves following best practices for API design, using consistent naming conventions, and providing clear and concise descriptions of each endpoint and data model. This proactive approach simplifies the documentation process significantly.

Creating effective tutorials and walkthroughs is a key part of my documentation strategy. I strive to create engaging and easy-to-follow guides that lead users through specific tasks or processes. My approach involves:

• Clear and concise instructions: I use simple language and avoid technical jargon whenever possible. Each step is broken down clearly.
• Step-by-step guidance: Tutorials should guide the user through a task one step at a time, with clear instructions and screenshots or screen recordings at each stage.
• Visual aids: Screenshots, videos, and animations make tutorials more engaging and easier to understand.
• Interactive elements: Where appropriate, I incorporate interactive elements such as quizzes or exercises to reinforce learning.
• Testing and user feedback: I thoroughly test each tutorial and gather user feedback to identify areas for improvement.

For instance, when creating a tutorial on using a new software feature, I would start with an introduction explaining the purpose of the feature and its benefits. Then, I would guide the user through each step with clear screenshots and concise instructions. I might even include a short video demonstrating the process. Finally, I would include a quiz to check the user’s comprehension.

Documenting a new software feature or product is a structured process that requires careful planning and execution. I typically follow these steps:

• Requirements Gathering: I begin by collaborating closely with the development team to understand the feature’s functionality, target audience, and intended use cases. This includes reviewing specifications, diagrams, and code.
• Content Planning: I outline the key topics and concepts that need to be covered in the documentation. This involves creating a content map or table of contents to structure the information logically.
• Drafting and Writing: I write the documentation, using clear and concise language, focusing on the user’s perspective. I prioritize the use of examples, screenshots, and visual aids to enhance understanding.
• Review and Editing: The draft undergoes thorough review by subject matter experts and technical writers to ensure accuracy and clarity. This step includes proofreading and copyediting for grammatical errors and stylistic inconsistencies.
• Testing and Feedback: I test the documentation by walking through the steps myself and potentially involving early adopters or beta testers for feedback. This ensures that the documentation is easy to follow and effectively guides users.
• Publishing and Maintenance: Once approved, the documentation is published using a CMS or other distribution methods. Ongoing maintenance involves updating the documentation to reflect any changes or improvements to the software.

Throughout this process, I maintain consistent communication with the development team to ensure alignment and address any discrepancies promptly.

My experience with localization and translation of technical documentation encompasses the entire process, from planning and preparation to quality assurance and final delivery. It’s more than just translating words; it’s about adapting the documentation to the cultural nuances and linguistic conventions of the target audience.

• Planning and Preparation: This stage involves identifying the target languages, selecting qualified translators, defining style guidelines, and creating a glossary of terms. It’s crucial to account for differences in measurement systems, date formats, and cultural references.
• Translation: Experienced translators familiar with technical terminology translate the documentation. I ensure the chosen translators have the required technical expertise and linguistic skills.
• Review and Editing: The translated documentation goes through rigorous review and editing by both native speakers and technical experts. This phase ensures accuracy, consistency, and cultural appropriateness.
• Quality Assurance: Rigorous testing is performed on the localized documentation to ensure it meets the same standards as the original. This might involve usability testing with native speakers.
• Technology and Tools: I’m proficient in using Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) tools and Translation Management Systems (TMS) to streamline the localization process, and ensure consistency across different languages and versions.

For example, when localizing documentation for a software application to Spanish, we must ensure that not only are the words translated accurately, but also that the layout and formatting are adjusted to accommodate the longer text length typical of the Spanish language. We must also consider the cultural context of our audience, ensuring that any references or examples are relevant and understandable to Spanish-speaking users.