Interview Questions for Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG)

Class 1 and Class 9 dangerous goods represent vastly different hazards. Class 1 encompasses explosives, substances or articles which have a mass explosion hazard or a projection hazard, or a minor blast hazard or a fire hazard. Think of fireworks, dynamite, or even ammunition. These require extremely stringent handling and transportation protocols due to their inherent potential for catastrophic damage.

In contrast, Class 9 dangerous goods are miscellaneous dangerous substances or articles that do not meet the criteria for inclusion in Classes 1-8. This is a catch-all category for materials that present other risks, such as corrosiveness or toxicity, but don’t neatly fit into the more specific hazard classes. Examples include lithium batteries, asbestos, and dry ice. While still dangerous, the risks associated with Class 9 goods are generally less severe than those presented by Class 1 materials.

Classifying dangerous goods under TDG regulations involves a systematic process. First, you must accurately identify the substance or article. This involves knowing its chemical composition, physical properties, and potential hazards. Then you consult the TDG regulations, specifically the list of dangerous goods, to determine the appropriate hazard class based on the material’s properties and behaviour. This usually involves checking tables and criteria provided in the regulations. For instance, a flammable liquid will fall under Class 3, while a poisonous substance would be under Class 6.1.

If there’s uncertainty, a thorough hazard assessment might be needed. This could involve laboratory testing or expert consultation. Once the class is determined, any subsidiary risks (e.g., a flammable liquid that’s also toxic) are also identified and noted for appropriate handling. The entire process relies heavily on accuracy and adherence to the latest regulatory updates.

Packaging dangerous goods is critical for safety and compliance. The packaging must be strong enough to withstand the stresses of transportation, protecting both the environment and people from leaks or spills. The type of packaging used depends entirely on the class and packing group of the dangerous good being transported. For instance, Class 1 explosives require specialized, robust packaging designed to absorb the shock and pressure of potential detonation. Class 3 flammable liquids need packaging resistant to leakage and impacts, often involving absorbent materials.

Key requirements include using approved packaging materials and designs, ensuring proper closure and sealing to prevent leaks, and using appropriate markings and labels to indicate the contents and hazards. This often involves using multiple layers of containment, such as inner containers within outer packaging, with absorbent materials to mitigate spills.

Think of it like this: Imagine transporting a fragile vase; you wouldn’t just throw it in a cardboard box. Similarly, dangerous goods require specialized packaging tailored to their specific hazards.

The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is an indispensable document for TDG transportation. It provides comprehensive information about the hazardous material, including its physical and chemical properties, health hazards, toxicity levels, and first-aid measures. It’s like the instruction manual for handling the dangerous good. The SDS is crucial for emergency responders, who need this information to properly assess the situation and take appropriate actions in the event of a spill or accident. The shipper and carrier must both have access to and understand the contents of the SDS before and during transport. It’s a cornerstone of safe and responsible dangerous goods transportation, providing critical information to mitigate risks.

Emergency response procedures for a TDG incident are critical and vary depending on the nature and extent of the incident. Immediate steps include evacuating the area, contacting emergency services (fire department, police, and hazmat teams), and containing the spill or leak to prevent further spread. The SDS becomes paramount here, providing information on the specific hazards and recommended actions.

Emergency responders use specialized equipment and training to deal with the hazardous material safely. Depending on the substance, this could involve containment booms for liquids, specialized absorbent materials, or even neutralization techniques. Post-incident procedures involve clean-up, environmental remediation, and investigation to determine the cause of the incident and prevent future occurrences. Proper communication and coordination among all parties involved are vital in a timely and effective emergency response.

Proper documentation is non-negotiable for TDG shipments. This includes the Shipper’s Declaration, which is a legally binding document that lists the dangerous goods being shipped, their classification, packaging details, and emergency contact information. It serves as a critical reference for all parties involved throughout the transport process. Accurate completion is crucial to ensure compliance with TDG regulations and for safety purposes.

Other essential documentation may include the transport document, such as the bill of lading or airway bill, which should clearly indicate the presence of dangerous goods. Maintaining accurate records of all shipments, including the date of shipment, origin and destination, carrier information, and any incidents or deviations during transport, is necessary for traceability and accountability. These records must be kept for a specified period determined by regulations.

Marking and labeling are vital visual cues that identify dangerous goods packages and communicate their hazards. Packages must display labels indicating the hazard class and subsidiary risks (e.g., a flammable liquid that is also toxic will have multiple labels). These labels are standardized internationally and must meet specific size and placement requirements. The labels must be prominently displayed on all sides of the package, making them immediately visible to anyone handling the goods.

In addition to labels, packages often require markings, such as the UN number (a four-digit identification code assigned to each dangerous good), the proper shipping name, and additional information like net weight or gross weight. These markings provide crucial supplementary data to the labels. Strict adherence to these regulations ensures that anyone handling the package understands the potential hazards and can take appropriate safety measures.

TDG compliance relies on a shared responsibility among the shipper, carrier, and consignee. Think of it like a relay race: each participant has a crucial role in ensuring safe delivery.

• Shipper: This is the party who initiates the shipment. Their responsibilities are paramount, beginning with proper classification of the dangerous goods according to the TDG regulations. They must ensure accurate documentation, including the preparation of shipping papers (e.g., a dangerous goods declaration), proper packaging according to the goods’ hazard class, and correct labeling. Failure here compromises the entire process.

• Carrier: The carrier, responsible for the physical transportation, must ensure the goods are handled according to the shipper’s documentation and relevant regulations. They must have trained personnel who understand the hazards involved and appropriate handling procedures. This includes safe loading, securing, and transportation of the goods.

• Consignee: The consignee receives the shipment. While their direct role in initial compliance is minimal, they are responsible for accepting the goods and ensuring they are offloaded and stored safely. A consignee who fails to follow safe handling procedures after receipt may be contributing to risk.

For instance, if the shipper misclassifies a flammable liquid, leading to improper packaging and labeling, the carrier might be unaware of the increased risk during transport, and the consignee could face serious safety issues upon receipt. Effective communication and clear documentation between all three parties are crucial for safety and compliance.

Training is non-negotiable for anyone handling dangerous goods. The specific requirements vary depending on the individual’s role and the type of dangerous goods involved, but all training must cover relevant regulations and safe handling practices.

• Initial Training: This is foundational training covering the basics of dangerous goods regulations, hazard classes, safe handling procedures, emergency response, and relevant legislation.

• Refresher Training: Regular refresher courses are essential to update knowledge on any regulatory changes, best practices, or new technologies impacting safe handling.

• Specialized Training: Workers may require specialized training depending on their roles (e.g., drivers, loaders, warehouse personnel) and the specific hazards of the goods they handle.

• Documentation: Comprehensive records of training attendance, completion, and competence are critical for demonstrating compliance to regulatory bodies.

Imagine a warehouse worker handling corrosive materials without proper training. The consequences could range from minor spills to severe burns or chemical exposure. A well-trained workforce is the best safeguard against accidents.

Improperly packaged or labeled dangerous goods present a significant safety hazard. The immediate action is to halt the shipment and prevent further movement.

1. Assessment: First, carefully assess the nature and extent of the packaging or labeling issue. Identify the dangerous goods, their hazard class, and the specific deficiencies in packaging or labeling.

2. Isolation and Containment: Isolate the shipment to prevent any accidental exposure or damage. This might involve moving it to a secure area, away from ignition sources or incompatible materials.

3. Notification: Notify the appropriate authorities (e.g., emergency response teams, TDG inspectors) immediately. They will guide on the proper handling, remediation, and disposal of the materials.

4. Remediation: Depending on the situation, this might involve repackaging the goods using appropriate containers and labels, or disposal through licensed hazardous waste facilities. In some cases, the whole shipment may need to be destroyed.

5. Investigation: Conduct a thorough investigation to identify the root cause of the improper packaging or labeling. Corrective actions should be taken to prevent similar occurrences in the future.

For example, finding a package of flammable liquids without a proper label requires immediate attention. Failing to take swift action can lead to a devastating fire or explosion.

Regulations for transporting dangerous goods vary significantly depending on the mode of transport – air, sea, and road – but all share the underlying principle of prioritizing safety.

• Air Transport (IATA): The International Air Transport Association (IATA) regulates air transport of dangerous goods. Stringent packaging requirements, detailed documentation, and specific limitations on the quantities and types of goods allowed are typical. Air freight often involves a higher level of scrutiny because of the enclosed environment and potential for catastrophic consequences in case of an accident.

• Sea Transport (IMDG): The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code governs the sea transport of dangerous goods. This code is comprehensive, detailing packaging, labeling, documentation (including the Dangerous Goods Declaration), stowage, and other requirements. The maritime environment introduces unique considerations, such as exposure to water and potential for spills.

• Road Transport (TDG/ADR/RID): Regulations for road transport vary by country. For example, in Canada it’s the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Regulations; the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) is used in Europe. These regulations usually cover similar aspects as air and sea transport but include additional requirements related to vehicle safety, driver training, and emergency response plans.

Each mode demands meticulous adherence to its specific code. Ignoring these can lead to hefty fines, legal repercussions, and potentially fatal accidents.

Different modes of transport—air, sea, road, and rail—each have unique requirements for dangerous goods. The key is understanding the inherent risks associated with each mode and implementing appropriate safety measures.

• Air: Focuses on speed and efficiency but demands strict packaging, labeling, and quantity limitations due to the confined space and potential for catastrophic incidents.

• Sea: Deals with large quantities and longer transit times. Regulations emphasize proper stowage, securing of cargo, and consideration for maritime-specific risks (e.g., exposure to water).

• Road: Offers flexibility but requires rigorous driver training, vehicle safety standards, and contingency plans for accidents and spills during transit.

• Rail: Involves specialized rolling stock and handling procedures. Regulations focus on the safe loading, securing, and transit of dangerous goods by rail, with a focus on preventing derailments and subsequent hazards.

The choice of mode influences the specific regulations that apply. For example, certain highly flammable materials might be restricted or entirely prohibited by air, leading to the need for alternative transport modes.

Segregation is a crucial safety measure in dangerous goods transport. It involves separating incompatible materials to prevent dangerous reactions. Think of it like keeping oil and water apart – mixing them creates a mess and potential for further problems.

Incompatible materials are those that, when in contact, can react violently, causing fire, explosion, or release of toxic gases. The specific segregation requirements are outlined in the relevant regulations (TDG, IMDG, IATA, ADR etc.) and are usually based on hazard classes. For example, oxidizers should be kept away from flammables, as oxidizers can fuel a fire.

Segregation rules might include minimum distances between packages or compartments, the use of barriers or other containment measures, and specific loading procedures. Failure to segregate incompatible dangerous goods can lead to a catastrophic accident, emphasizing the absolute necessity of understanding and adhering to these rules.

For example, you wouldn’t store a container of flammable liquid next to a container of an oxidizer in a warehouse because a potential spark could result in a large fire. The same logic applies in transportation.

Emergency response plans are critical for mitigating the consequences of accidents involving dangerous goods. My experience includes developing, implementing, and regularly reviewing such plans for various clients across different transportation modes.

This involves a multi-faceted approach, including:

• Hazard Identification: Thoroughly assessing the potential hazards associated with specific dangerous goods and transport routes.

• Risk Assessment: Evaluating the likelihood and severity of potential incidents (spills, fires, leaks).

• Emergency Procedures: Defining clear procedures for responding to various scenarios, including evacuation, containment, and notification of emergency services.

• Communication Protocols: Establishing effective communication channels to coordinate actions between involved parties (carriers, emergency services, authorities).

• Training and Drills: Conducting regular training and emergency response drills for personnel involved in the transportation and handling of dangerous goods. These drills must be realistic and cover all aspects of the plan.

• Contingency Planning: Identifying potential disruptions and developing plans to ensure business continuity in emergency situations.

I’ve been involved in several scenarios where well-rehearsed emergency response plans proved invaluable, minimizing environmental impact and preventing injuries or loss of life. A robust and regularly updated plan is not just a regulatory requirement but a crucial component of responsible dangerous goods management.

My familiarity with the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Act and Regulations is extensive. I’ve worked directly with these regulations for over [Number] years, encompassing various roles from shipping documentation to compliance auditing and training. I possess a deep understanding of the overarching principles, specific requirements for different classes of dangerous goods, and the associated penalties for non-compliance. This includes a thorough grasp of the Canadian regulations, which are based on international standards such as the UN Model Regulations.

I understand the intricacies of the classification system, packaging requirements, marking and labelling, emergency response information, and transportation documentation. I’m also proficient in interpreting the regulations’ specific requirements based on the mode of transport – whether it’s road, rail, air, or sea. My experience includes working with both large and small companies, across various industries that handle dangerous goods.

The proper shipping name is absolutely crucial in dangerous goods transportation. It acts as the single, universally recognized identifier for a hazardous material. Think of it as the material’s ‘official name’ within the TDG system. This name is essential for emergency responders, handlers, and regulatory agencies to quickly identify the substance and understand its inherent hazards.

Using the incorrect proper shipping name can lead to significant consequences. It might cause delays in emergency response, lead to improper handling that increases the risk of accidents, and might result in severe penalties from regulatory bodies. For example, if a shipment of ‘Flammable Liquid, n.o.s.’ is incorrectly labelled as ‘Paint’, emergency responders might not take appropriate precautions for flammability, leading to a potentially disastrous outcome. The proper shipping name ensures consistent and accurate communication throughout the entire transportation process, promoting safety and regulatory compliance.

Staying updated on TDG changes is paramount for maintaining compliance. My strategy is multi-faceted:

• Subscription to official updates: I subscribe to official government newsletters and updates from Transport Canada regarding changes to the TDG regulations.
• Professional development: I actively participate in industry conferences, webinars, and workshops that focus on TDG updates and best practices. This provides opportunities for networking with other professionals and learning from experts.
• Membership in relevant associations: I maintain membership in professional organizations related to dangerous goods transportation, providing access to updated information, resources, and networking.
• Regular review of regulatory documents: I dedicate time to regularly review updated versions of the TDG regulations and guidance documents to ensure complete awareness of amendments.

This layered approach guarantees I stay ahead of any regulatory changes and implement them promptly into my procedures and training programs.

The process of obtaining necessary permits and licenses for transporting dangerous goods varies based on the type of goods, the mode of transportation, and the jurisdiction. However, it generally involves these steps:

• Identify the required permits: This depends on the specific dangerous goods being transported and the jurisdictions involved (provincial, federal). Some goods may need special permits beyond the basic TDG certification.
• Complete the application forms: Each permit or license has its own application process and required information, often involving details about the goods, transportation methods, and the company’s safety procedures.
• Gather supporting documentation: This often includes safety training certifications for personnel, proof of insurance, and details about the emergency response plan.
• Submit the application: Applications are typically submitted through the relevant regulatory authority, either online or in person.
• Pay applicable fees: Associated fees vary by permit type and jurisdiction.
• Compliance inspections: Regulatory authorities may conduct inspections to ensure compliance with requirements before a permit is issued or renewed.

Failure to obtain the necessary permits can result in hefty fines and legal repercussions. It’s crucial to carefully follow the application process and maintain up-to-date documentation.

Ensuring TDG compliance within a budget requires a strategic approach:

• Prioritize risk assessment: Focusing on the highest-risk activities allows for the most effective allocation of resources. A thorough risk assessment identifies areas requiring the most attention.
• Invest in training: Well-trained employees are crucial for compliance. This might involve internal training programs or external courses, but the cost is offset by reduced risk and improved safety.
• Utilize technology: Software solutions for documentation and tracking can streamline operations and reduce manual errors, saving time and money in the long run.
• Develop a strong safety culture: A company-wide commitment to safety fosters compliance without requiring extensive additional costs. This includes regular safety meetings and open communication.
• Regular internal audits: Early detection of potential non-compliance reduces the financial impact of costly corrections later on.

Balancing cost-effectiveness and safety is achievable through strategic investment in the right areas, prioritizing risk reduction, and emphasizing a proactive safety culture.

I have extensive experience conducting TDG compliance audits. My approach involves a detailed review of all aspects of a company’s dangerous goods handling procedures, from documentation to physical handling. This includes:

• Review of documentation: This verifies the accuracy and completeness of shipping papers, emergency response plans, and training records.
• On-site inspections: Physical inspections assess the condition of storage facilities, packaging, labelling, and handling equipment.
• Interviews with personnel: Interviews with employees at all levels verify their understanding of procedures and identify any gaps in training or understanding.
• Comparison to regulations: All findings are compared to the current TDG regulations to identify areas of non-compliance.
• Reporting and recommendations: A comprehensive report outlines identified issues, their severity, and recommendations for corrective actions.

I’ve conducted audits for companies of various sizes and across different sectors, consistently identifying potential risks and providing actionable recommendations for improvement.

Cost-effectiveness and safety are not mutually exclusive in dangerous goods transportation; rather, they are inextricably linked. Compromising safety to cut costs is extremely risky and ultimately more expensive in the long run. Accidents involving dangerous goods can have devastating consequences, including environmental damage, injuries, fatalities, and significant legal and financial liabilities.

My approach involves prioritizing safety as the non-negotiable aspect. However, this doesn’t mean that cost-effectiveness is ignored. Instead, I focus on finding innovative and cost-effective ways to enhance safety. This might involve exploring safer packaging options, optimizing transportation routes to reduce fuel consumption, or implementing technology solutions to streamline processes and improve efficiency. Investing in robust safety measures not only reduces the risk of accidents, but also minimizes potential losses from fines, lawsuits, and downtime.

Ultimately, a comprehensive risk assessment helps identify areas where investment in safety will yield the greatest return, ensuring a balance between cost-effectiveness and the utmost safety standards.

Penalties for non-compliance with Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) regulations can be severe and vary depending on the severity of the violation and the jurisdiction. They range from significant financial fines to imprisonment. For example, a minor infraction like incorrect labeling might result in a warning or a relatively small fine. However, a major incident, such as an accident caused by improper handling of dangerous goods, could lead to substantial fines, business license suspension, criminal charges, and even imprisonment for responsible individuals.

The penalties aim to deter unsafe practices and ensure public safety. Think of it like traffic laws: a minor speeding ticket is different from causing a major accident due to reckless driving. The consequences scale with the severity of the risk and the violation’s impact.

• Fines: These can be substantial, often dependent on the quantity and class of dangerous goods involved.
• Legal Action: Criminal charges may be filed if negligence or willful misconduct contributed to an incident.
• License Suspension or Revocation: Businesses involved in transporting dangerous goods might lose their operating licenses.
• Civil Liability: Companies and individuals could face lawsuits from victims of accidents or incidents resulting from non-compliance.

My experience encompasses a wide range of dangerous goods classes, including explosives, flammable liquids, corrosive substances, and toxic materials. I’ve worked with everything from small shipments of Class 3 flammable liquids used in laboratories to large-scale transport of Class 1 explosives for mining operations. Each class presents unique challenges and requires specialized handling, packaging, and transportation procedures.

For instance, with explosives, meticulous attention to detail is paramount. Every step, from manufacturing and packaging to loading and unloading, requires strict adherence to safety regulations and procedures. The slightest deviation could have catastrophic consequences. With flammable liquids, the primary concern is preventing ignition and mitigating the risk of fire. This involves selecting appropriate containers, ensuring proper ventilation, and using specialized equipment.

My work has involved developing and implementing safety protocols for diverse scenarios. For example, I’ve worked on the transport of Class 8 corrosive substances, ensuring the proper use of compatible containers and protective measures for handlers to prevent injuries from spills or leaks. I’ve also developed training programs for staff to ensure they understand the risks associated with each dangerous good and the proper handling procedures.

Ensuring the security of dangerous goods during transportation requires a multi-layered approach encompassing several key elements. It’s not just about preventing theft; it’s about preventing accidents and protecting the public.

• Secure Packaging and Containment: Using robust packaging that meets TDG regulations is crucial. This includes proper labeling, marking, and placarding to clearly identify the hazardous material.
• Vehicle Security: Vehicles transporting dangerous goods should be equipped with security features to prevent unauthorized access or tampering, such as GPS tracking, seals, and alarm systems.
• Route Planning and Monitoring: Routes should be carefully planned to avoid high-risk areas and congested zones. Real-time monitoring systems allow for tracking the shipment’s location and identifying any deviations from the planned route.
• Driver Training and Vetting: Drivers must receive thorough training on the safe handling and transportation of dangerous goods. Background checks are often conducted to ensure driver reliability.
• Emergency Response Planning: Comprehensive emergency response plans should be in place to address potential incidents, including accidents and spills. This involves having designated emergency contacts, procedures for reporting incidents, and contingency plans for cleanup and mitigation.

Think of it as a layered defense system – each layer contributes to the overall security, reducing the likelihood of an incident.

Risk assessment is absolutely fundamental in dangerous goods transportation. It’s a systematic process to identify potential hazards associated with the transportation of dangerous goods and evaluate the likelihood and severity of those hazards. This enables proactive steps to mitigate those risks.

A thorough risk assessment considers various factors, such as the inherent dangers of the goods themselves (flammability, toxicity, reactivity), the mode of transport (road, rail, sea, air), the environmental conditions (temperature, weather), and the handling procedures involved. The outcome guides the selection of appropriate packaging, transportation methods, and safety precautions.

For example, transporting flammable liquids in hot weather might necessitate the use of refrigerated containers or the restriction of transport during peak heat periods. Similarly, transporting corrosive materials requires selecting containers that are resistant to corrosion and leakage.

Without a proper risk assessment, you’re essentially driving blind. It allows us to proactively minimize the chances of accidents, reducing both financial losses and potential harm to the environment and human lives. It’s a cornerstone of responsible dangerous goods management.

Handling a delay in a dangerous goods shipment requires immediate action and thorough communication. The first step is identifying the cause of the delay. This could be anything from inclement weather to traffic congestion or even an accident. Once identified, the next step is to assess the implications of the delay on the goods themselves and the overall transportation plan.

Depending on the nature of the goods and the extent of the delay, I would take several steps:

• Immediate Notification: Notify all relevant parties, including the shipper, consignee, and any regulatory bodies. Open and transparent communication is key.
• Assessment of Goods: Evaluate the potential impact of the delay on the dangerous goods. For temperature-sensitive goods, for example, this might involve arranging for temporary storage in a climate-controlled facility. For time-sensitive materials, urgent solutions might be necessary.
• Alternative Transportation Plans: If necessary, explore alternative transportation methods or routes to expedite delivery and maintain compliance with TDG regulations.
• Documentation: Maintain meticulous documentation of all communications, actions taken, and any deviations from the original transport plan.

The goal is to mitigate any risks arising from the delay and ensure compliance with TDG regulations throughout the process. Effective communication and proactive problem-solving are essential for safe and efficient delivery.

During the transport of a large quantity of Class 4.3 dangerous goods (a substance that may be dangerous when wet), we encountered an unforeseen issue where the packaging material showed unexpected degradation in wet conditions. This raised significant concerns about compliance, especially the integrity of the packaging’s ability to contain the material.

The initial reaction was to halt the shipment immediately. My approach involved a multi-step process:

1. Investigation: A thorough investigation determined the root cause of the packaging degradation, involving testing various environmental conditions to pinpoint the cause.
2. Consultations: I consulted with packaging specialists and regulatory authorities to determine the best course of action, including exploring alternative packaging that met TDG standards in the changed context.
3. Corrective Actions: A solution was identified by switching to a robust, waterproof packaging alternative, and we developed a revised transport plan that took into account the changes to packaging.
4. Notification: All stakeholders, including the shipper, consignee, and the regulatory body, were immediately notified of the situation and the corrective actions taken.
5. Retesting: The newly packaged goods underwent rigorous testing to ensure compliance with TDG regulations.

The outcome was a successful resolution that prioritized safety and compliance. This incident highlighted the importance of ongoing vigilance and preparedness to address unexpected challenges in dangerous goods transportation.

My professional development goals center on staying ahead of the curve in the ever-evolving landscape of TDG regulations. This includes:

• Advanced Training: I plan to pursue advanced certifications and training in specialized areas of dangerous goods transportation, such as those concerning hazardous materials in specific modes of transportation or emerging technology in tracking and monitoring.
• Regulatory Updates: Maintaining a thorough understanding of emerging regulations and best practices is crucial. This involves regularly reviewing regulatory updates and attending industry conferences and workshops.
• New Technologies: Exploring and implementing new technologies, such as real-time tracking systems and advanced data analytics, to improve the efficiency and safety of dangerous goods transportation.
• Networking: Expanding my professional network to connect with peers, experts, and regulatory agencies to facilitate knowledge sharing and best practice adoption.

Continuous learning is vital in this field, ensuring that I remain proficient and up-to-date with best practices to guarantee safe and compliant transportation of dangerous goods.